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What You Must Know About Service Learning Reflection Essay

What You Must Know About Service Learning Reflection Essay Top Service Learning Reflection Essay Secrets Describe what you've learned about yourself as a consequence of your services. You will certainly grow to be an indispensable employee. After you locate a service you enjoy, don't neglect to look at my review of it. Service is the way in which you and examples employees treat your clients and each other project you deliver your business's deliverables. A Startling Fact about Service Learning Reflection Essay Uncovered Take your time with the ideas that you wish to imply in your part of writing. Your reflection paper will make it possible for your instructor to find the learning you've done by means of your services. A last paper or several modest papers throughout the semester could possibly be an alternate to journaling. How to compose a reflection paper. Portfolios can be shown formally or handed in at the close of the semester. 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The New Treatment Of Modern Medicine - 1002 Words

With the rapid development of science and technology, it also push the development of the field of medical. High technology treatment improved the patient s health, prolonged the life, improved the quality of life. xenotransplantationis the most interesting of modern medicine, and their hopes of a major issue. This research will discuss the some new treatment like xenotransplantation and heart stent ,and also discuss the new technology bring some social and individual benefits.Almost people accept the new treatment, but there still have some voice to against it. The new treatment become an international problem for human being , no doubt that it truly bring the hope to all the patients and raise the economy to the country. Body 1. 1†¦show more content†¦(Cooper 1988) The future will continue to see development such as modifying xenograft organs by gene therapy approaches to improve the immune characteristics, efficiency and therefore longevity of these organs and their hosts 20 years.(Dyer 2000) 1.2 heart stent Heart attack has leading the high risk to death. Coronary heart disease is referred to as the first killer of human health, it showed an increasing incidence and trend to younger age. It is a good example of how new technology has changed the treatment and prevention of a disease over time. Stents were first introduced in the early 1990s as a tool in interventional cardiology, it become the safer and more effective tool than the past treatment. The purpose of the heart stent is to improve the blood flow to the heart muscle,reduce the chance of the blockage returning and so on. The danger reaction of heart disease is artery blocking, the heart stent deal with problem efficiently. 2.benefit to indiduals The first attempts to use animal organs in humans were reported in the early 1960s, involving the transplantation of chimpanzee kidneys. The results were significant: one patient survived for nine months with normal kidney function before dying from the effects of immunosuppression, while another had a rejection episode that was relieved by steroid therapy.( Reemtsma 1964) For example, Cutler et al. found that from 1960 to 2000, average life expectancy increased by 7 year. Research

Juvenile Gangs - 2762 Words

Juvenile Gangs Introduction Juvenile street gangs are expanding, and evolving into crime that has not been linked to gangs in the past, according to the FBI. While they expand into white-collar type crimes like counterfeiting, identity theft and mortgage fraud, they also continue to be involved in illegal activities that they are more well known for, such as drug sales, recruiting new members, violent turf wars, and prostitution, the FBI reports. The number of active street gangs (including gangs in prisons) is around 33,000, and membership in those 33,000 is estimated to be about 1.4 million, the FBI reports. This paper delves into the scholarly literature available about gangs, and for the most part this paper focuses on juvenile gangs albeit some of the data may also include gangs that include older individuals. This paper focuses on gang members relationships with adults, their interactions with counselors in schools, risk factors associated with gang membership, weapon-related issues and other matters conn ected to juvenile gangs. What Distinguishes a Juvenile Gang from a Deviant Peer Group? An essay in a book about adolescent psychiatry explains that most scholars researching gangs recognize a youth gang †¦as a distinct group recognized by its members and the community as being involved in acts that are criminal in nature (Thomas, et al, 2013). The groups that are referred to as hate groups, motorcycle gangs, and prison gangs, while they too may dabble inShow MoreRelatedThe History Of Juvenile Gangs1913 Words   |  8 PagesHistory of Juvenile Gangs Jerry L. Page East Carolina University Oct 30, 2017 Juvenile Justice (Just 3200) Introduction Juvenile gangs are gangs in which a children normally from ages eight to seventeen are a part of a group, commonly known of as a gang, that often sells or does drugs, commits violent acts towards other citizens of their neighborhood or community, or cause major disruptions in school or other organized areas. This is a paper that will go on to discuss the history of juvenile gangsRead MoreGang Prevention and Juveniles1053 Words   |  5 PagesGangs are nothing new to American society, what is new and disturbing is the recent spike in juvenile crimes with reported ties to certain gangs. Youth gangs have been prevalent in schools in large cities since the 1970 s. However, they have become even more prevalent in schools in the recent past. In the student survey component of the 1995 National Crime Victimization Survey, more than one third (37%) of the students reported gangs at their schools and the percentage of students reporting theRead MoreThe Crime Of A Juvenile Gang Essay1737 Wor ds   |  7 PagesA juvenile gang is a group of youth that causes intimidation and commit criminal acts to gain power to be in control. According to a study done by David Pyrooz, a professor at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville Texas, more than one million juveniles in the United States of America is in a gang. The study found 40% of juvenile gangs are non-Hispanic white and the rest is Black and Latino. The study also found, 30% of those gang members were females. Most youth who joins gangs do so aroundRead MoreJuvenile Gang Pros And Cons1510 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of Juvenile gang’s is not unknown to the world. They can be found in any corner of the world and any ethnic/racial background. Gangs have been around since humans learned how to get into organized groups. This was about around the time of the middle ages. In fact, the first recorded history of such gangs was in the city of London (Sheldon., Tracy and Brown, 1996). For America, it was not until the early 1800s when juvenile gangs became a problem (Sheldon., Tracy and Brown, 1996). ThisRead MoreWhy Do Juveniles Join Gangs?1138 Words   |  5 PagesGANG VIOLENCE PREVENTION WHY DO JUVENILES JOIN GANGS? Juveniles often join gangs to be accepted into a society of their peers. These juveniles are looking for acceptance and a sense of belonging. They join these gangs for special status amongst their friends, protection from other gangs, financial help, peer pressure, excitement and for some juveniles, they are born into a gang society and it is a family tradition. Gangs can also act like a family. They will praise, chastise and show them aRead MoreWhy Juvenile Choose a Gang Lifestyle?1774 Words   |  8 PagesGangs have been in existence since the beginning of the Roman Empire. There were speeches made by Roman orator, Marcus Tullius Cicero, which references groups of men who constantly fought and disrupted Roman politics (Curry, 2013). The history of street gangs in the United States begins with their emergence on the East Coast around 1783, as the American Revolution ended. Though many believe the best available evidence suggests that the more serious street gangs likely did no t emerge until theRead MoreGang Involvement : Membership, Violence, Crime And Juvenile Delinquency3474 Words   |  14 PagesRunning head: GANGS: MEMBERSHIP, VIOLENCE/CRIME AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Gangs: Membership, Violence, Crime and Juvenile Delinquency By Dominique Dillon St. John’s University CRM 119 Dominique Dillon October 22nd 2014 Running head: GANGS: MEMBERSHIP, VIOLENCE/CRIME AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Annotated Bibliography Alleyne, Emma Wood, Jane L., (2011). Gang Involvement: Social and Environment Factors. Crime and Delinquency 60 (4) 547-568. Using the stereotypes of the AmericanRead MoreEssay On Juvenile Gangs973 Words   |  4 Pages The History Of Juvenile Gangs Jerry L. Page East Carolina University Introduction The History Of Juvenile Gangs Gang Types Over the course of history, there have been many gangs that have come to light. There are three different types of gangs that have been around for many years. These gangs are politicized gangs, neo-Nazism gangs, and street gangs. Politicized gangs promote political change by making other citizens scared of them. Street gangs are commonly known to cause violenceRead MoreJuvenile Gangs Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesRodriguez CJ150 Kaplan College Mr. Templeton August 30.2012 Juvenile gangs have become a serious and growing problem in many areas throughout the U.S. It is unlikely that gang control strategies can be successful as long as legitimate economic alternatives are lacking. I will be exploring the possible proactive solutions to this social problem. Juvenile gangs on the street and in prison â€Å"Violent crimes committed by juveniles are not diminishing, as other crimes, as reported by the JusticeRead More Role of Non-violence in Reducing Juvenile Gangs and Crime Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pagesprovoked them and they were not defending themselves.   They acted out of pure selfishness.   Sadly this scenario has become all too familiar over the last few years.   In the past two decades violent crime among juveniles ages 14-17 has increased tremendously.   Between 1983 and 1992 juvenile arrests increased 117% (U.S. Department of Justice, 12).   This suggests an increase in the growing involvement of young people in violent crimes.  Ã‚   To relieve this problem nationally and globally, we need to adapt

Baron Von Steubon free essay sample

He has become an exceptionally respected figure in European and American history. His services offered during the Revolution may be his most celebrated contributions today. Von Steuben played a critical role in training the American troops for battle during the Revolution and set the precedent for military practices today. It is no mystery that Baron von Steuben’s background and support from family had influenced his many achievements in life. His father, husband of Elizabeth von Jagvodin, was a royal Prussian engineer and he traveled to many exotic places with his son. Steuben was born in the fortress town of Magdeburg (today’s Germany) on September 17, 1730 (Bergen County Historical Society 1). After his adolescent years, he joined the military and was ranked as a captain in the Prussian Army. Furthermore, Baron von Steuben was a prominent drill-master and this proved to be his illustrious forte (Hakim 117). There were many foreign, but significant events in the life of von Steuben. We will write a custom essay sample on Baron Von Steubon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page First of all, he enlisted in the Prussian army as a lance-corporal in 1746 and became ranked as a captain. During the duration of the Seven Years’ War he was appointed a general staff officer and â€Å"aide-de-camp† to Frederick the Great in 1761. He was wounded while fulfilling this duty and was secured the position of Grand Marshall in the court of the Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen. A few years later in 1769, he was presented with Order of Fidelity, which is an honorary knighthood by the Margrove of Boden. Once introduced to Benjamin Franklin, he services transferred from Europe to America. In 1777, Baron von Steuben served as a volunteer to Washington’s army. Throughout the next year he organized and trained the continental army (Bergen County Historical Society 1). He agreed to work for free with only his expenses covered until he proved himself worthy to George Washington (Hughes 46). Steuben, being the accredited officer that he was, came about being very useful to the Americans. Using his skills as a great drill-master, he taught disorderly patriots to be more than capable fighters. Instead of the accustomed ways of battle, he used Europe’s style (muskets and bayonets) to shape the army (Hakim 117). To start, Steuben picked an elite group of men at Valley Forge to train and teach drill-and-ceremony to. Due to language barriers because Steuben only spoke French, he sometimes had to act out what he wished the troops to do (Micklos 30, 31). His personality motivated the recruits and when they were put through successful training, those men worked outward through the ranks into each brigade and after a short period of time, the whole army way pretty much in tip-top shape (Ushistory 1). Baron von Steuben’s efforts truly showed at the battle of Barren Hill, the battle of Monmouth, and the battle of Bunker Hill. The use of the bayonet was crucial to the victory of these fights (Wikipedia 1). Through his dedication and hard work, he was honored with the rank of Inspector-General to the Continental Army (Bergen County Historical Society 1). Other than the vital information listed above, there are many interesting facts about Baron von Steuben. First of all, he went by quite a few names. In America, he was known as Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus von Steuben. He was baptized as Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin von Steuben and this was his most common name. Later on he changed it to Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdinand (Ushistory 1). For the period of time that he was at Valley Forge, he wrote a Drill Manuel that was published into what is known as the Blue Book (Hughes 50). It is still used for many military practices today although it was no longer the standard Manuel since the War of 1812 (Wikipedia 1). When receiving a letter of recommendation from Franklin, to give to Washington he said that he was a General when he was only a captain (Kent 92). Oddly enough, Steuben was actually discharged from the Prussian army for reasons still unknown even today. Historians can only speculate why this is so, but it led to why he sought to find work and help the Americans in the first place. After the Revolution was over, he became an American citizen by act of the Pennsylvania legislature and then by New York authorities a little while later. By reason of his insufficient funds and the great amount of debt he was in, Congress gave him copious sums of money and a yearly pension of $2,500 (Wikipedia 1). In addition to these acts of generosity, he was lent a small estate with the help of Alexander Hamilton to reside in until death (Ushistory 1). Baron von Steuben died on November 28, 1794 in Oneida County, New York (Bergen County Historical Society 1). As it has been clearly shown, Steuben was an imperative factor in winning the Revolution by training the American troops. I explained his many achievements and why they were useful to his training at Valley Forge. He used strategic methods and prior knowledge to whip up one of the greatest fighting forces in our history. Baron von Steuben’s military genius certainly contributed immensely to our freedom even today.

Library Management System Essay Example

Library Management System Paper CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES One of the significance step is research project is conducting a literature review. Through this chapter, the readers can familiarize to the study of researcher. The related and previous studies presented in this chapter will give the readers and future researchers, an idea of the proposed system of the proponent. The proponent selected and reviewed these studies and previous works to provide information to the readers 2. 1 Related Literature The researcher gathered information related to their study to prove the effectiveness of the proposed system. This information was based on the knowledge of the expert which served as guide to the researcher to pursue the study. 2. 1. 1 Foreign Literature A computer reservations system CRS is a computerized system used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel. Originally designed and operated by airlines, CRSes were later extended for the use of travel agencies; major CRS operations that book and sell tickets for multiple airlines are known as global distribution systems (GDS). Airlines have divested most of their direct holdings to dedicated GDS companies, who make their systems accessible to consumers through Internet gateways. Modern GDSes typically allow users to book hotel rooms and rental cars as well as airline tickets. They also provide access to railway reservations in some markets although these are not always integrated with the main system. [http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Computer_reservations_system] Since computer power was the critical resource, efficiency of processing became the main goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Library Management System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Library Management System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Library Management System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Emphasis was placed on automating existing process such as purchasing or paying, often within single department [Jeffrey A. Hofer on Modern System Analysis and Design (1996). ] Automation is the use of control systems (such as numerical control, programmable logic control, and other industrial control systems), in concert with other applications of information technology (such as computer-aided technologies), to control industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Processes and systems can also be automated. Hotel Management system is an in-house Windows based application used by businesses to automate their day-to-day operations such as room bookings, reservations, check-in or check-out. Hotel reservation software is developed for suitable works of the following types of accommodation like Hotels, Motels and Guesthouses, University accommodation letting, Cottages, Villas, Cabins, Hostels or Any other room booking which is to be managed on a day-to-day basis. [http://www. hotelsoftwarepro. com/] The propose system uses database which database is a system for quick search and retrieval of information from a database. The Database Management determines how data are stored and retrieved. It must address problems such as security, accuracy, consistency among different records, response time, and memory requirements. These issues are most significant for database systems on computer networks. Ever-higher processing speeds are required for efficient database management. Relational DBMS, in which data are organized into a series of tables (relations) that are easily reorganized for accessing data in different ways, are the most widely used today. [http://www. answers. com/topic/database-management-system] . 1. 2 Local Literature A computer makes doing most almost easier, since it is an electronic device. It operates a high speed of electric flow which is measured in trillions of a second. These high-speed of results are also accomplished with high accuracy. Since the computer is programmed correctly and incoming data is error free. The accuracy of the output is almost guaranteed that can carry out the sequence of the operation without human intervention. â€Å"Computer and Word Processing†, Febes A. De Guzman and Ines Alcantara (1997) Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Council (ITECC) was created to use the necessary and available resources of the public and private sectors. Thus Philippines was coined and defined as an electronically-enabled society where the citizens live in an providing quality education, efficient government service, greater source of livelihood, and ultimately a better way of life. Cebu City (Central Visayas)-citing bullish tourism prospect, Waterfront Philippines Inc. WPI) will invest between 59 million to 60 million pesos (US$ 983,690 to 1. 8 million at P50. 829=$1) improve operation efficiency and profitability. By the end of this year, WPI executive vice president Rexlon T. Gatchalian said that envision Waterfront Cebu City Hotel to be only fully computerized five-star hotel in the country. He said: â€Å"In this age of information, we believed the service and industry should join foray we intend to become fully computerized by the end of t his year other hotels are doing IT piece by piece. † A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. The provision of basic accommodation, in times past, consisting only of a room with a bed, a cupboard, a small table and a washstand has largely been replaced by rooms with modern facilities, including en-suite bathrooms and air conditioning or climate control. Additional common features found in hotel rooms are a telephone, an alarm clock, a television, and Internet connectivity; snack foods and drinks may be supplied in a mini-bar, and facilities for making hot drinks. Larger hotels may provide a number of additional guest facilities such as a restaurant, a swimming pool or childcare, and have conference and social function services. Hotel rooms are usually numbered (or named in some smaller hotels and BBs) to allow guests to identify their room. (Http ://en . wikipedia. org/wiki/Hotel) This paper develops a conceptual framework that describes the impact of information technology (IT) on service management and transaction costs in full service hotel firms. It details how IT would help such firms to lower operations-related transaction costs. Further, the underpinnings of how IT would impact service management in full service hotel firms is discussed more specifically from a customer satisfaction point of view while focusing on two aspects, i. e. managing customer delight and the customers role as a co-producer. Propositions are developed and a discussion on the impact of IT on firm profitability from a transaction cost perspective ensues while concluding with managerial implications. (h ttp://www. sci encedirect. com/science? ) Information technology can provide hospitality firms with a sustained competitive advantage, provided the technology complements operations. Based on interdisciplinary research findings with regard to the sustainability of IT-enabled competitive advantage, this article provides a framework that can help both hospitality scholars and managers formally analyze existing and proposed IT-dependent strategic initiatives. The chief element in achieving a competitive advantage is to identify the drivers of response lag, which is the time it takes for competitors to imitate an IT initiativeif they are able to do so. The drivers can be grouped into one of the following four barriers to erosion of competitive advantage: (1) IT-resources barrier, (2) complementary-resources barrier, (3)IT-project barrier, and (4) preemption barrier. ( http://www. entrepreneur. com/tradejournals/article/184324458. html) 2. 2 Related Studies In order to gather more information that will serve as guidelines, the researcher conducted some research through some documents available and from undergraduate thesis that may help much in the proving of studies. 2. 2. 1 Foreign Studies According to Psoinos, Anna, â€Å"the role of the computer-based information systems (IS) in manufacturing organizations encourages employee empowerment. The central proposition of the research is that information systems are not able to empower employee, but the IS can support the new work practices created by empowerment, defending on the specific organizational circumstances†. Marshall Management, Inc. is a mid-sized national hotel management company which prides itself on its ability to adapt to a diversified spectrum of hotel properties while being recognized by its franchisors, investors and clients as operations intensive. We are especially proud of our successes in taking over non-performing loans, revitalizing the hotels and, consequently, selling the properties for an appreciated value. Established in 1980 by Charles L. Marshall, CHA, Marshall Management, Inc. Operates hotels over a multi-state area including roadside, resort, airport and metropolitan high-rise properties. These include numerous franchise types and independents. Our expertise include hotel management operations, fiscal and accountant service, development, insurance programs, hotel sales and marketing, advertising, feasibility studies, asset management, consulting and lender workouts. Our mission to profitability, for both ourselves and for ownership, operates hotels which are primarily located in the Mid-Western, South-Western and Eastern portions of the United States. We will expand through third party management contracts and the development of full and limited service hotels. When we find a reasonable return on a hotel investment, we will seek opportunities available on Wall Street or with various financial groups. When appropriate for Marshall Management Inc. to emerge with or purchase another management company, the feasibility of such a union will be thoroughly investigated and pursued. There is growing evidence that hospitality ventures are not using information technology (IT) strategically and are not reaping benefits commensurate with the substantial sums of money being expended on IT. As an example, a recent study by McKinsey concluded that after spending $7. 6 billion in IT between 1995 and 2000, the lodging industry saw no increase in revenue (after controlling for the effects of the booming economy) and no tangible increase in productivity (Brown and Stange 2002). Yet significant case evidence suggests that IT has had and continues to have the potential to enable value creation and sustained differentiation in the hospitality industry. For example, Ritz-Carlton has traditionally been able to offer unmatched personalized service using a centralized repository named CLASS (Customer Loyalty Anticipation and Satisfaction System) that enables each property in the chain to collect and retrieve personal preferences of each guest (Klein, Sasser, and Jones 1999). More recently, Harrahs Entertainment has received significant attention for its business intelligence (BI) initiative (Lal and Carrolo 2002)a cornerstone of its considerable financial success. ( h ttp://www. entrepreneur. com) Information systems are sociotechnical systems that include IT, processes, people, and organizational structure (Bostrom and Heinen 1977a, 1977b). All four components are necessary to deliver the information-processing functionalities the organization needs. More important, any change in one component (e. . , a new software program, a change in organizational structure from property-focused to brand-focused) will affect and require adjustment in each of the other components. In short, any change has systemic effects (OHara, Watson, and Kavan 1999). Using two unique, independent samples of U. S. hotels, this study examines the utilization of information technology (IT) in all hotel sectors, from deluxe to budget, to reveal strategic differences and similarities. Overall, the findings suggest that the U. S. odging industry has focused on employing technologies that improve employee productivity and enhance revenue but has not given strategic priority to technologies designed to improve guest services. The hotel sector, lodging type, size/complexity of the property, and independent versus chain affiliation influenced the number and type of technologies adopted. Luxury and upscale hotels adopted more IT than economy and budget hotels. Similarly, IT development was greatest for certain lodging types such as convention hotels, conference centers, and casinos, and lowest for other types, such as motels and bed-and-breakfasts. Chain-affiliated properties typically adopted more technologies than independent hotels. (http://jtr. sagepub. com/content/39/2/192. abstract) This article discusses applications of technology to the hospitality environment. Front office information processing systems such as reservations, guest accounting and room management systems are discussed, as well as their impact on the efficiency of operations. Effects of developments in telecommunications and, more recently, teleconferencing on the lodging (hotel) industry are discussed. Technology benefits, such as energy management and the safety and security of guests and their property, are discussed. This article also clarifies the issues that must be considered in the application of new technology and examines future trends. (http://www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=ArticleURL=B6V9R-45P18SD-MN=10=12%2F31%2F1983=1=high=search=search=d==c=1468917908=google=C000050221=1=0=10=d319845ccabb580464d9dfb0dd352779=a) 2. 2. Local Studies â€Å"Hotel computerized made a tremendous satisfaction for the employees, most especially to the clients. The system was a great help, it saves time and effort regarding hotel’s activities especially the front desk officers and it ensures speed, accuracy, and reliability in calculating the customer’s bills and in generating the summary report of the hotel. † According to the study n â€Å"An On-line Information and Hotel Registration System† which made by Lopez, Mayoralgo, Miranda, is one of the change emer ged in It as the public surf the internet they will see a different form f acquiring facts and detailed information to make hotel more connected to their clients and researchers would build on-line registration. Todays long haul travelers require destination information before they travel to a destination, and also while they are at the destination. The increasing complexity of the tourism industry and the increasing sophistication and diversity of travelers, makes access to this information both more important and more difficult, especially for long haul destinations. Indeed there are substantial search costs for travelers to identify products in long haul destinations. More accessible information sources on a destinations facilities can reduce the substantial search costs that are incurred in the planning and organization of a long haul trip, and thereby facilitate market transactions in the destination. (Pauline J. Sheldon, (1993) The impact of computer reservation systems on long haul travel, Tourism Review, Vol. 8 Iss: 4, pp. 31 – 35) 2. 3 Difference between the Existing System and the Proposed System Both the proposed and the existing systems are intended to be used in the Hotel Management System for ALL Season Family Hotel with SMS Technology. The existing system is the basis of the proposed system which will going to computerize. Both have a Reservation process, Reports and data regards to the reservation process in check in and check out. The researchers will include the data for check in, check out, generating of reports on summary of the customer and other report also implied. The difference between the existing and the proposed system is that existing system reserving process is slow, more error will came out, time consuming and it is not secured. While the proposed system is a better way, it is fast, reliable, accurate and error free if not all, it also a user friendly system and have database where information is store that makes the proposed system secured than existing system. Library Management System Essay Example Library Management System Essay Library is an important part of the academic sector as well as some professional sectors too like, Advocacy etc. The efficiency of a library lies in the fact how it is arranged and how easily one can get the books of their choice. Generally, what we see nowadays is the manual library management system whose process of operation is very much hectic. What we are doing is that we are proposing a computerised library management system, which would provide better and efficient service to the library members. Brief outline of the application:- 1. Purpose: This software is meant to transform the hectic manual system to a more efficient computerised system. 2. Scope: This application can be used efficiently in educational institutes and certain professional sectors also. 3. Assumptions: This application assumes that the user doesn’t possess the right to modify information about books. 4. Technology Used: Visual Studio 6(for form designing). Presently, a manual system for managing the library is employed almost everywhere. What exactly is done here is that the persons who like to get the benefits of the library have to fill the membership form and then they are provided with a Identity Card. Members have to bring their Identity card each time they want to borrow a book to home or they want to read the book in the library itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Library Management System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Library Management System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Library Management System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this process each transaction are to be noted down in the specified registers and then signed by the member and the library attendant. Drawbacks of the Present System:- Some of the problems being faced in manual system are as Follows:- 1. Fast report generation is not possible. 2. Tracing a book is difficult. 3. Information about issue/return of the books is not properly maintained. 4. No central database can be created as information is not available in the database. The proposed system aims at transforming the manual system into a computerised one. The benefits of the computerised â€Å"Library Management System† are : 1. Planned approach towards working: -The working in the organization will be well planned and organized. The data will be stored properly in data stores, which will help in retrieval of information as well as its storage. 2. Accuracy: -The level of accuracy in the proposed system will be higher. All operation would be done correctly and it ensures that whatever information is coming from the centre is accurate. 3. Reliability: -The reliability of the proposed system will be high due to the above stated reasons. The reason for the increased reliability of the system is that now there would be proper storage of information. . No Redundancy: -In the proposed system utmost care would be that no information is repeated anywhere, in storage or otherwise. This would assure economic use of storage space and consistency in the data stored. 5. Immediate retrieval of information:- In manual system there are many problems to retrieve large amount of information. In this system retrieval is very fa st. 6. Easy to operate: -The system should be easy to operate and should be such that it can be developed within a short period of time and fit in the limited budget of the user. Depending on the results of the initial investigation the survey is now expanded to a more detailed feasibility study. It is a test of system proposal according to its workability, impact of the organization, ability to meet needs and effective use of the resources. It focuses on these major questions:- 1. What are the user needs and how does our system meet that? 2. What and how much resources are being needed for the proposed system? 3. What are the likely impacts of the proposed system? 4. Whether the proposed system solves the present problem? Steps in feasibility analysis:- Eight steps involved in the feasibility analysis are:- . Form a Project team and appoint a Project leader. 2. Prepare system flowcharts. 3. Enumerate potential proposed system. 4. Define and identify characteristics of the proposed system. 5. Determine and evaluate performance and cost effectiveness of the proposed system. 6. Weigh system performance. 7. Prepare the final report and present to the management. 1. Technical Feasibility:- It is the study of resource availability that may affect the ability to achieve an acceptable system. This evaluation determines whether the technology needed for the proposed system is available or not. It decides whether the work for the project be done with current equipments and existing technology. It is thus associated with specifying equipments and software that will successfully satisfy the consumer’s requirement. The technical needs of the system may include:- Front end and back end selection:- An important issue for the development of a project is the selection of suitable front-end and back-end. When we decide to develop the project we go through an extensive study to determine the most suitable platform that suits the needs of the consumer as well as helps in development of the project. The aspects of our study include the following factors:- Front end selection:- 1. It must have a graphical user interface that assists persons not from the computer background. 2. Scalability and Extendibility. 3. Flexibility. 4. Robustness. 5. It must be according to the customer’s requirement and culture. 6. It should have an independent platform. 7. It should be easy to debug and maintain. 8. Front end must support some possible back ends such as MS Access. Back end selection:- 1. Multiple user support 2. Efficient data handling 3. Provide inherent features for security. . Efficient data retrieval and maintenance 5. Store procedures 6. Popularity 7. Compatibility with OS 8. Easy to install 9. Various drivers must be available. 10. Easy to implant with the front end. The technical feasibility is frequently the most difficult area encountered at this stage. It is essential that the process of analysis and definition be conducted in parallel with an assessment to technical fea sibility. It centres on the existing computer system (hardware, software etc. ) and to what extent it can support the proposed system. 2. Economic Feasibility:- Economic justification is generally the â€Å"Bottom Line† consideration for most systems. Economic justification includes a broad range of concerns that includes cost benefit analysis. In this we weigh the cost and the benefits associated with the proposed system and if it suits the basic purpose of the organization i. e. profit making, the project is making to the analysis and design phase. The financial and the economic questions during the preliminary investigation are verified to estimate the following:- 1. The cost to conduct a full system investigation. 2. The cost of hardware and the software for the application being considered. 3. The benefits in the terms of reduced cost. 4. The proposed system will give the minute information, as a result the performance is increased which in turn may be expected to provide extra economic benefits. 5. It checks whether the application can be developed with the available funds. The Library Management System does not require enormous amount of money to be developed. It can be developed economically if planned judicially. The cost of project depends on the number of man-hours required. 3. Operational Feasibility:- It is mainly related to human organizations and political aspects. The points to be considered are:- 1. What changes will be brought with the system? 2. What organization structures will be disturbed? 3. What new skills will be required? Do the existing technicians have the skills? If not, can they be trained in due course of time? Our system is economically feasible as it is very easy for the customers to use it. They just need how to work on the windows platform. 4. Schedule Feasibility:- Time evaluation is the most important consideration in the development of project. The time schedule required for the developed of this project is very important since more development time effect machine time, cost and cause delay in the development of other systems. A reliable Library Management System can be developed in the considerable amount of time. Before starting to design a software product, it is extremely important to understand and document the exact requirements of the customer. In the past many projects have suffered because the developers started implementing something without determining whether they were building what the customers exactly wanted. The primary goal of the requirement analysis and specification phase is to clearly understand the customer requirements and to systematically organize the requirements into a specification document. The SRS document is the final outcome of the requirements analysis and specification phase. Generally requirement gathering consists of the following phases:- 1. Studying the existing documentation: The analyst usually studies all existing documents regarding the system to be developed before visiting the customer site. Typically these documents pertain to issues such as the context, the basic purpose, the stakeholders, etc. . Interview: Typically there are many different categories of users of software. All the different categories of users are interviewed to gather the different functionalities required by them. Based on the interview the document is made. 3. Task Analysis: -The users usually view software as a black box that provides a set of service. A service is also known as a tas k. For each identified task, the analyst tries to formulate the different steps necessary to realize the service in consultation with the users. 4. Scenario Analysis: A task can have many scenarios of operation. The different scenarios of a task can occur when the task is invoked under different situations. For different types of scenarios of a task, the behaviour of the system can be different. 5. Form analysis: The different forms are analyzed to determine the data input to the system and the data that are output from the system. For the different data input to the system, how these are used by the system to produce the corresponding output data are determined from the users. Characteristics of a good SRS document: The skill of writing a good SRS document usually comes from the experience gained from writing SRS documents for many problems. However the analyst should be aware of the desired qualities that every good SRS document should possess. Some of the identified desired qualities of the SRS documents are the following: 1. Concise: -The SRS document should be concise and at the same time unambiguous, consistent, and complete. Verbose and irrelevant descriptions reduce readability and also increase error possibilities. 2. Structured:- A good SRS document should be well structured which is easy to understand and modify. In practice, the SRS document undergoes several revisions to cope up with the customer requirements. Thus it is important that it is well structured. 3. Traceable: It should be possible to trace a specific requirement to the design elements that implement it and vice versa. Similarly, it should be possible to trace a requirement to the code segments that implement it and the test cases that test this requirement and vice versa. Traceability is important to verify the results of a phase with the previous phase, to analyze the impact of a change, etc. 4. Response to undesired events: It should characterize acceptable responses to undesired events. These are called system response to exceptional conditions. . Verifiable: All requirements of the system as documented in the SRS document should be verifiable. This means that it should be possible to determine whether or not requirements have been met in an implementation. Any feature of the required system that is not verifiable should be listed separately in the goals of the implementation section of the SRS document. Project Requirem ents:- 1. User Requirements:- Every user should be: †¢ Comfortable with working of a computer. †¢ He must have knowledge of library. †¢ He must also have basic knowledge of English. 2. Hardware Requirements: Processor: -Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV or higher RAM : -64 Mb or Higher 130 Mb 3. Software Requirements: Operating System: -Win-98, Win-XP, Linux or any other higher version Database: -Ms Access It is clear that the physical objects from the previous section the member, books, library – correspond to entities in the entity relationship model and the operations to be done on those entities holds, checkouts, and so on – correspond to relationships. However, a good design will minimize redundancy and attempt to store all the required information in as small a space as possible. This application can be easily implemented under various situations. We can add new features as and when we require. Reusability is possible as and when require in this application. There is flexibility in all the modules. Extensibility: This software is extendable in ways that its original developers may not expect. The following principles enhance extensibility like hide data structure, avoid traversing multiple links or methods, avoid case statements on object type and distinguish public and private operations. Reusability: -Reusability is possible as and when require in this application. We can update it next version. Reusable software reduces design, coding and testing cost by amortizing effort over several designs. Reducing the amount of code also simplifies understanding, which increases the likelihood that the code is correct. We follow up both types of reusability: Sharing of newly written code within a project and reuse of previously written code on new projects. Understand ability: -A method is understandable if someone other than the creator of the method can understand the code (as well as the creator after a time lapse). We use the method, which small and coherent helps to accomplish this. Cost Effectiveness: -Its cost is under the budget and make within given time period. It is desirable to aim for a system with a minimum cost subject to the condition that it must satisfy the entire requirement. After we have completed the project we are sure the problems in the existing system would overcome. The â€Å"LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM† process is made computerized to reduce human errors and to increase the efficiency. The main focus of this project is to lessen human efforts. The maintenance of the records is made efficient, as all the records are stored in the ACCESS database, through which data can be retrieved easily. The navigation control is provided in all the forms to navigate through the large amount of records. If the numbers of records are very large then user has to just type in the search string and user gets the results immediately. The editing is also made simpler. The user has to just type in the required field and press the update button to update the desired field. The Books and Students are given a particular unique id no. So that they can be accessed correctly and without errors. Our main aim of the project is to get the correct information about a particular student and books available in the library. The problems, which existed in the earlier system, have been removed to a large extent. And it is expected that this project will go a long way in satisfying user’s requirements. The computerization of the Library Management will not only improves the efficiency but will also reduce human stress thereby indirectly improving human recourses Books: 1. Fundamentals of Software Engineering by Rajib Mall(PHI) 2. Black Book of Visual Basic 3. Visual Basic by Tata McGraw Hill(TMH) Web Sites: 1. www. apache. org 2. www. wikipedia. com 3. www. iisjaipur. org