Library Management System Essay Example

Library Management System Paper CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES One of the significance step is research project is conducting a literature review. Through this chapter, the readers can familiarize to the study of researcher. The related and previous studies presented in this chapter will give the readers and future researchers, an idea of the proposed system of the proponent. The proponent selected and reviewed these studies and previous works to provide information to the readers 2. 1 Related Literature The researcher gathered information related to their study to prove the effectiveness of the proposed system. This information was based on the knowledge of the expert which served as guide to the researcher to pursue the study. 2. 1. 1 Foreign Literature A computer reservations system CRS is a computerized system used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel. Originally designed and operated by airlines, CRSes were later extended for the use of travel agencies; major CRS operations that book and sell tickets for multiple airlines are known as global distribution systems (GDS). Airlines have divested most of their direct holdings to dedicated GDS companies, who make their systems accessible to consumers through Internet gateways. Modern GDSes typically allow users to book hotel rooms and rental cars as well as airline tickets. They also provide access to railway reservations in some markets although these are not always integrated with the main system. [http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Computer_reservations_system] Since computer power was the critical resource, efficiency of processing became the main goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Library Management System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Library Management System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Library Management System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Emphasis was placed on automating existing process such as purchasing or paying, often within single department [Jeffrey A. Hofer on Modern System Analysis and Design (1996). ] Automation is the use of control systems (such as numerical control, programmable logic control, and other industrial control systems), in concert with other applications of information technology (such as computer-aided technologies), to control industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Processes and systems can also be automated. Hotel Management system is an in-house Windows based application used by businesses to automate their day-to-day operations such as room bookings, reservations, check-in or check-out. Hotel reservation software is developed for suitable works of the following types of accommodation like Hotels, Motels and Guesthouses, University accommodation letting, Cottages, Villas, Cabins, Hostels or Any other room booking which is to be managed on a day-to-day basis. [http://www. hotelsoftwarepro. com/] The propose system uses database which database is a system for quick search and retrieval of information from a database. The Database Management determines how data are stored and retrieved. It must address problems such as security, accuracy, consistency among different records, response time, and memory requirements. These issues are most significant for database systems on computer networks. Ever-higher processing speeds are required for efficient database management. Relational DBMS, in which data are organized into a series of tables (relations) that are easily reorganized for accessing data in different ways, are the most widely used today. [http://www. answers. com/topic/database-management-system] . 1. 2 Local Literature A computer makes doing most almost easier, since it is an electronic device. It operates a high speed of electric flow which is measured in trillions of a second. These high-speed of results are also accomplished with high accuracy. Since the computer is programmed correctly and incoming data is error free. The accuracy of the output is almost guaranteed that can carry out the sequence of the operation without human intervention. â€Å"Computer and Word Processing†, Febes A. De Guzman and Ines Alcantara (1997) Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Council (ITECC) was created to use the necessary and available resources of the public and private sectors. Thus Philippines was coined and defined as an electronically-enabled society where the citizens live in an providing quality education, efficient government service, greater source of livelihood, and ultimately a better way of life. Cebu City (Central Visayas)-citing bullish tourism prospect, Waterfront Philippines Inc. WPI) will invest between 59 million to 60 million pesos (US$ 983,690 to 1. 8 million at P50. 829=$1) improve operation efficiency and profitability. By the end of this year, WPI executive vice president Rexlon T. Gatchalian said that envision Waterfront Cebu City Hotel to be only fully computerized five-star hotel in the country. He said: â€Å"In this age of information, we believed the service and industry should join foray we intend to become fully computerized by the end of t his year other hotels are doing IT piece by piece. † A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. The provision of basic accommodation, in times past, consisting only of a room with a bed, a cupboard, a small table and a washstand has largely been replaced by rooms with modern facilities, including en-suite bathrooms and air conditioning or climate control. Additional common features found in hotel rooms are a telephone, an alarm clock, a television, and Internet connectivity; snack foods and drinks may be supplied in a mini-bar, and facilities for making hot drinks. Larger hotels may provide a number of additional guest facilities such as a restaurant, a swimming pool or childcare, and have conference and social function services. Hotel rooms are usually numbered (or named in some smaller hotels and BBs) to allow guests to identify their room. (Http ://en . wikipedia. org/wiki/Hotel) This paper develops a conceptual framework that describes the impact of information technology (IT) on service management and transaction costs in full service hotel firms. It details how IT would help such firms to lower operations-related transaction costs. Further, the underpinnings of how IT would impact service management in full service hotel firms is discussed more specifically from a customer satisfaction point of view while focusing on two aspects, i. e. managing customer delight and the customers role as a co-producer. Propositions are developed and a discussion on the impact of IT on firm profitability from a transaction cost perspective ensues while concluding with managerial implications. (h ttp://www. sci encedirect. com/science? ) Information technology can provide hospitality firms with a sustained competitive advantage, provided the technology complements operations. Based on interdisciplinary research findings with regard to the sustainability of IT-enabled competitive advantage, this article provides a framework that can help both hospitality scholars and managers formally analyze existing and proposed IT-dependent strategic initiatives. The chief element in achieving a competitive advantage is to identify the drivers of response lag, which is the time it takes for competitors to imitate an IT initiativeif they are able to do so. The drivers can be grouped into one of the following four barriers to erosion of competitive advantage: (1) IT-resources barrier, (2) complementary-resources barrier, (3)IT-project barrier, and (4) preemption barrier. ( http://www. entrepreneur. com/tradejournals/article/184324458. html) 2. 2 Related Studies In order to gather more information that will serve as guidelines, the researcher conducted some research through some documents available and from undergraduate thesis that may help much in the proving of studies. 2. 2. 1 Foreign Studies According to Psoinos, Anna, â€Å"the role of the computer-based information systems (IS) in manufacturing organizations encourages employee empowerment. The central proposition of the research is that information systems are not able to empower employee, but the IS can support the new work practices created by empowerment, defending on the specific organizational circumstances†. Marshall Management, Inc. is a mid-sized national hotel management company which prides itself on its ability to adapt to a diversified spectrum of hotel properties while being recognized by its franchisors, investors and clients as operations intensive. We are especially proud of our successes in taking over non-performing loans, revitalizing the hotels and, consequently, selling the properties for an appreciated value. Established in 1980 by Charles L. Marshall, CHA, Marshall Management, Inc. Operates hotels over a multi-state area including roadside, resort, airport and metropolitan high-rise properties. These include numerous franchise types and independents. Our expertise include hotel management operations, fiscal and accountant service, development, insurance programs, hotel sales and marketing, advertising, feasibility studies, asset management, consulting and lender workouts. Our mission to profitability, for both ourselves and for ownership, operates hotels which are primarily located in the Mid-Western, South-Western and Eastern portions of the United States. We will expand through third party management contracts and the development of full and limited service hotels. When we find a reasonable return on a hotel investment, we will seek opportunities available on Wall Street or with various financial groups. When appropriate for Marshall Management Inc. to emerge with or purchase another management company, the feasibility of such a union will be thoroughly investigated and pursued. There is growing evidence that hospitality ventures are not using information technology (IT) strategically and are not reaping benefits commensurate with the substantial sums of money being expended on IT. As an example, a recent study by McKinsey concluded that after spending $7. 6 billion in IT between 1995 and 2000, the lodging industry saw no increase in revenue (after controlling for the effects of the booming economy) and no tangible increase in productivity (Brown and Stange 2002). Yet significant case evidence suggests that IT has had and continues to have the potential to enable value creation and sustained differentiation in the hospitality industry. For example, Ritz-Carlton has traditionally been able to offer unmatched personalized service using a centralized repository named CLASS (Customer Loyalty Anticipation and Satisfaction System) that enables each property in the chain to collect and retrieve personal preferences of each guest (Klein, Sasser, and Jones 1999). More recently, Harrahs Entertainment has received significant attention for its business intelligence (BI) initiative (Lal and Carrolo 2002)a cornerstone of its considerable financial success. ( h ttp://www. entrepreneur. com) Information systems are sociotechnical systems that include IT, processes, people, and organizational structure (Bostrom and Heinen 1977a, 1977b). All four components are necessary to deliver the information-processing functionalities the organization needs. More important, any change in one component (e. . , a new software program, a change in organizational structure from property-focused to brand-focused) will affect and require adjustment in each of the other components. In short, any change has systemic effects (OHara, Watson, and Kavan 1999). Using two unique, independent samples of U. S. hotels, this study examines the utilization of information technology (IT) in all hotel sectors, from deluxe to budget, to reveal strategic differences and similarities. Overall, the findings suggest that the U. S. odging industry has focused on employing technologies that improve employee productivity and enhance revenue but has not given strategic priority to technologies designed to improve guest services. The hotel sector, lodging type, size/complexity of the property, and independent versus chain affiliation influenced the number and type of technologies adopted. Luxury and upscale hotels adopted more IT than economy and budget hotels. Similarly, IT development was greatest for certain lodging types such as convention hotels, conference centers, and casinos, and lowest for other types, such as motels and bed-and-breakfasts. Chain-affiliated properties typically adopted more technologies than independent hotels. (http://jtr. sagepub. com/content/39/2/192. abstract) This article discusses applications of technology to the hospitality environment. Front office information processing systems such as reservations, guest accounting and room management systems are discussed, as well as their impact on the efficiency of operations. Effects of developments in telecommunications and, more recently, teleconferencing on the lodging (hotel) industry are discussed. Technology benefits, such as energy management and the safety and security of guests and their property, are discussed. This article also clarifies the issues that must be considered in the application of new technology and examines future trends. (http://www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=ArticleURL=B6V9R-45P18SD-MN=10=12%2F31%2F1983=1=high=search=search=d==c=1468917908=google=C000050221=1=0=10=d319845ccabb580464d9dfb0dd352779=a) 2. 2. Local Studies â€Å"Hotel computerized made a tremendous satisfaction for the employees, most especially to the clients. The system was a great help, it saves time and effort regarding hotel’s activities especially the front desk officers and it ensures speed, accuracy, and reliability in calculating the customer’s bills and in generating the summary report of the hotel. † According to the study n â€Å"An On-line Information and Hotel Registration System† which made by Lopez, Mayoralgo, Miranda, is one of the change emer ged in It as the public surf the internet they will see a different form f acquiring facts and detailed information to make hotel more connected to their clients and researchers would build on-line registration. Todays long haul travelers require destination information before they travel to a destination, and also while they are at the destination. The increasing complexity of the tourism industry and the increasing sophistication and diversity of travelers, makes access to this information both more important and more difficult, especially for long haul destinations. Indeed there are substantial search costs for travelers to identify products in long haul destinations. More accessible information sources on a destinations facilities can reduce the substantial search costs that are incurred in the planning and organization of a long haul trip, and thereby facilitate market transactions in the destination. (Pauline J. Sheldon, (1993) The impact of computer reservation systems on long haul travel, Tourism Review, Vol. 8 Iss: 4, pp. 31 – 35) 2. 3 Difference between the Existing System and the Proposed System Both the proposed and the existing systems are intended to be used in the Hotel Management System for ALL Season Family Hotel with SMS Technology. The existing system is the basis of the proposed system which will going to computerize. Both have a Reservation process, Reports and data regards to the reservation process in check in and check out. The researchers will include the data for check in, check out, generating of reports on summary of the customer and other report also implied. The difference between the existing and the proposed system is that existing system reserving process is slow, more error will came out, time consuming and it is not secured. While the proposed system is a better way, it is fast, reliable, accurate and error free if not all, it also a user friendly system and have database where information is store that makes the proposed system secured than existing system. Library Management System Essay Example Library Management System Essay Library is an important part of the academic sector as well as some professional sectors too like, Advocacy etc. The efficiency of a library lies in the fact how it is arranged and how easily one can get the books of their choice. Generally, what we see nowadays is the manual library management system whose process of operation is very much hectic. What we are doing is that we are proposing a computerised library management system, which would provide better and efficient service to the library members. Brief outline of the application:- 1. Purpose: This software is meant to transform the hectic manual system to a more efficient computerised system. 2. Scope: This application can be used efficiently in educational institutes and certain professional sectors also. 3. Assumptions: This application assumes that the user doesn’t possess the right to modify information about books. 4. Technology Used: Visual Studio 6(for form designing). Presently, a manual system for managing the library is employed almost everywhere. What exactly is done here is that the persons who like to get the benefits of the library have to fill the membership form and then they are provided with a Identity Card. Members have to bring their Identity card each time they want to borrow a book to home or they want to read the book in the library itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Library Management System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Library Management System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Library Management System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this process each transaction are to be noted down in the specified registers and then signed by the member and the library attendant. Drawbacks of the Present System:- Some of the problems being faced in manual system are as Follows:- 1. Fast report generation is not possible. 2. Tracing a book is difficult. 3. Information about issue/return of the books is not properly maintained. 4. No central database can be created as information is not available in the database. The proposed system aims at transforming the manual system into a computerised one. The benefits of the computerised â€Å"Library Management System† are : 1. Planned approach towards working: -The working in the organization will be well planned and organized. The data will be stored properly in data stores, which will help in retrieval of information as well as its storage. 2. Accuracy: -The level of accuracy in the proposed system will be higher. All operation would be done correctly and it ensures that whatever information is coming from the centre is accurate. 3. Reliability: -The reliability of the proposed system will be high due to the above stated reasons. The reason for the increased reliability of the system is that now there would be proper storage of information. . No Redundancy: -In the proposed system utmost care would be that no information is repeated anywhere, in storage or otherwise. This would assure economic use of storage space and consistency in the data stored. 5. Immediate retrieval of information:- In manual system there are many problems to retrieve large amount of information. In this system retrieval is very fa st. 6. Easy to operate: -The system should be easy to operate and should be such that it can be developed within a short period of time and fit in the limited budget of the user. Depending on the results of the initial investigation the survey is now expanded to a more detailed feasibility study. It is a test of system proposal according to its workability, impact of the organization, ability to meet needs and effective use of the resources. It focuses on these major questions:- 1. What are the user needs and how does our system meet that? 2. What and how much resources are being needed for the proposed system? 3. What are the likely impacts of the proposed system? 4. Whether the proposed system solves the present problem? Steps in feasibility analysis:- Eight steps involved in the feasibility analysis are:- . Form a Project team and appoint a Project leader. 2. Prepare system flowcharts. 3. Enumerate potential proposed system. 4. Define and identify characteristics of the proposed system. 5. Determine and evaluate performance and cost effectiveness of the proposed system. 6. Weigh system performance. 7. Prepare the final report and present to the management. 1. Technical Feasibility:- It is the study of resource availability that may affect the ability to achieve an acceptable system. This evaluation determines whether the technology needed for the proposed system is available or not. It decides whether the work for the project be done with current equipments and existing technology. It is thus associated with specifying equipments and software that will successfully satisfy the consumer’s requirement. The technical needs of the system may include:- Front end and back end selection:- An important issue for the development of a project is the selection of suitable front-end and back-end. When we decide to develop the project we go through an extensive study to determine the most suitable platform that suits the needs of the consumer as well as helps in development of the project. The aspects of our study include the following factors:- Front end selection:- 1. It must have a graphical user interface that assists persons not from the computer background. 2. Scalability and Extendibility. 3. Flexibility. 4. Robustness. 5. It must be according to the customer’s requirement and culture. 6. It should have an independent platform. 7. It should be easy to debug and maintain. 8. Front end must support some possible back ends such as MS Access. Back end selection:- 1. Multiple user support 2. Efficient data handling 3. Provide inherent features for security. . Efficient data retrieval and maintenance 5. Store procedures 6. Popularity 7. Compatibility with OS 8. Easy to install 9. Various drivers must be available. 10. Easy to implant with the front end. The technical feasibility is frequently the most difficult area encountered at this stage. It is essential that the process of analysis and definition be conducted in parallel with an assessment to technical fea sibility. It centres on the existing computer system (hardware, software etc. ) and to what extent it can support the proposed system. 2. Economic Feasibility:- Economic justification is generally the â€Å"Bottom Line† consideration for most systems. Economic justification includes a broad range of concerns that includes cost benefit analysis. In this we weigh the cost and the benefits associated with the proposed system and if it suits the basic purpose of the organization i. e. profit making, the project is making to the analysis and design phase. The financial and the economic questions during the preliminary investigation are verified to estimate the following:- 1. The cost to conduct a full system investigation. 2. The cost of hardware and the software for the application being considered. 3. The benefits in the terms of reduced cost. 4. The proposed system will give the minute information, as a result the performance is increased which in turn may be expected to provide extra economic benefits. 5. It checks whether the application can be developed with the available funds. The Library Management System does not require enormous amount of money to be developed. It can be developed economically if planned judicially. The cost of project depends on the number of man-hours required. 3. Operational Feasibility:- It is mainly related to human organizations and political aspects. The points to be considered are:- 1. What changes will be brought with the system? 2. What organization structures will be disturbed? 3. What new skills will be required? Do the existing technicians have the skills? If not, can they be trained in due course of time? Our system is economically feasible as it is very easy for the customers to use it. They just need how to work on the windows platform. 4. Schedule Feasibility:- Time evaluation is the most important consideration in the development of project. The time schedule required for the developed of this project is very important since more development time effect machine time, cost and cause delay in the development of other systems. A reliable Library Management System can be developed in the considerable amount of time. Before starting to design a software product, it is extremely important to understand and document the exact requirements of the customer. In the past many projects have suffered because the developers started implementing something without determining whether they were building what the customers exactly wanted. The primary goal of the requirement analysis and specification phase is to clearly understand the customer requirements and to systematically organize the requirements into a specification document. The SRS document is the final outcome of the requirements analysis and specification phase. Generally requirement gathering consists of the following phases:- 1. Studying the existing documentation: The analyst usually studies all existing documents regarding the system to be developed before visiting the customer site. Typically these documents pertain to issues such as the context, the basic purpose, the stakeholders, etc. . Interview: Typically there are many different categories of users of software. All the different categories of users are interviewed to gather the different functionalities required by them. Based on the interview the document is made. 3. Task Analysis: -The users usually view software as a black box that provides a set of service. A service is also known as a tas k. For each identified task, the analyst tries to formulate the different steps necessary to realize the service in consultation with the users. 4. Scenario Analysis: A task can have many scenarios of operation. The different scenarios of a task can occur when the task is invoked under different situations. For different types of scenarios of a task, the behaviour of the system can be different. 5. Form analysis: The different forms are analyzed to determine the data input to the system and the data that are output from the system. For the different data input to the system, how these are used by the system to produce the corresponding output data are determined from the users. Characteristics of a good SRS document: The skill of writing a good SRS document usually comes from the experience gained from writing SRS documents for many problems. However the analyst should be aware of the desired qualities that every good SRS document should possess. Some of the identified desired qualities of the SRS documents are the following: 1. Concise: -The SRS document should be concise and at the same time unambiguous, consistent, and complete. Verbose and irrelevant descriptions reduce readability and also increase error possibilities. 2. Structured:- A good SRS document should be well structured which is easy to understand and modify. In practice, the SRS document undergoes several revisions to cope up with the customer requirements. Thus it is important that it is well structured. 3. Traceable: It should be possible to trace a specific requirement to the design elements that implement it and vice versa. Similarly, it should be possible to trace a requirement to the code segments that implement it and the test cases that test this requirement and vice versa. Traceability is important to verify the results of a phase with the previous phase, to analyze the impact of a change, etc. 4. Response to undesired events: It should characterize acceptable responses to undesired events. These are called system response to exceptional conditions. . Verifiable: All requirements of the system as documented in the SRS document should be verifiable. This means that it should be possible to determine whether or not requirements have been met in an implementation. Any feature of the required system that is not verifiable should be listed separately in the goals of the implementation section of the SRS document. Project Requirem ents:- 1. User Requirements:- Every user should be: †¢ Comfortable with working of a computer. †¢ He must have knowledge of library. †¢ He must also have basic knowledge of English. 2. Hardware Requirements: Processor: -Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV or higher RAM : -64 Mb or Higher 130 Mb 3. Software Requirements: Operating System: -Win-98, Win-XP, Linux or any other higher version Database: -Ms Access It is clear that the physical objects from the previous section the member, books, library – correspond to entities in the entity relationship model and the operations to be done on those entities holds, checkouts, and so on – correspond to relationships. However, a good design will minimize redundancy and attempt to store all the required information in as small a space as possible. This application can be easily implemented under various situations. We can add new features as and when we require. Reusability is possible as and when require in this application. There is flexibility in all the modules. Extensibility: This software is extendable in ways that its original developers may not expect. The following principles enhance extensibility like hide data structure, avoid traversing multiple links or methods, avoid case statements on object type and distinguish public and private operations. Reusability: -Reusability is possible as and when require in this application. We can update it next version. Reusable software reduces design, coding and testing cost by amortizing effort over several designs. Reducing the amount of code also simplifies understanding, which increases the likelihood that the code is correct. We follow up both types of reusability: Sharing of newly written code within a project and reuse of previously written code on new projects. Understand ability: -A method is understandable if someone other than the creator of the method can understand the code (as well as the creator after a time lapse). We use the method, which small and coherent helps to accomplish this. Cost Effectiveness: -Its cost is under the budget and make within given time period. It is desirable to aim for a system with a minimum cost subject to the condition that it must satisfy the entire requirement. After we have completed the project we are sure the problems in the existing system would overcome. The â€Å"LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM† process is made computerized to reduce human errors and to increase the efficiency. The main focus of this project is to lessen human efforts. The maintenance of the records is made efficient, as all the records are stored in the ACCESS database, through which data can be retrieved easily. The navigation control is provided in all the forms to navigate through the large amount of records. If the numbers of records are very large then user has to just type in the search string and user gets the results immediately. The editing is also made simpler. The user has to just type in the required field and press the update button to update the desired field. The Books and Students are given a particular unique id no. So that they can be accessed correctly and without errors. Our main aim of the project is to get the correct information about a particular student and books available in the library. The problems, which existed in the earlier system, have been removed to a large extent. And it is expected that this project will go a long way in satisfying user’s requirements. The computerization of the Library Management will not only improves the efficiency but will also reduce human stress thereby indirectly improving human recourses Books: 1. Fundamentals of Software Engineering by Rajib Mall(PHI) 2. Black Book of Visual Basic 3. Visual Basic by Tata McGraw Hill(TMH) Web Sites: 1. www. apache. org 2. www. wikipedia. com 3. www. iisjaipur. org